INCFinder

GenBank ID	CP169618.1
Plasmid name	unnamed1
Classification	C1
Length	234 150 bp
GC content	53%
Organism	Klebsiella pneumoniae strain 2024CK-01222
Curation	Automatic annotation

Plasmid map

Characteristic genes

Gene name	Length	Location	Length of alignment	Identity (%)	Coverage (%)
repA	1101	1 - 1101 (+)	1101	99	100
ORF1832	5499	55904 - 61402 (+)	5499	100	100
RHS1	4254	207919 - 212172 (+)	4254	100	100

Antimicrobial resistance genes

Type match	Model name	Model type	Location	E-value	Identity
Strict	qacH	protein homolog model	102190 - 102522(-)	1.04372e-69	92.73 %
small multidrug resistance (SMR) antibiotic efflux pump AMR Gene Family Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Small multidrug resistance (SMR) proteins are a relatively small family of transporters, restricted to prokaryotic cells. They are also the smallest multidrug transporters, with only four transmembrane alpha-helices and no significant extramembrane domain. fluoroquinolone antibiotic Drug Class The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance Efflux Component Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. antibiotic efflux Resistance Mechanism Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Strict	qacH	protein homolog model	154323 - 154655(+)	7.34605e-70	92.73 %
small multidrug resistance (SMR) antibiotic efflux pump AMR Gene Family Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Small multidrug resistance (SMR) proteins are a relatively small family of transporters, restricted to prokaryotic cells. They are also the smallest multidrug transporters, with only four transmembrane alpha-helices and no significant extramembrane domain. fluoroquinolone antibiotic Drug Class The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance Efflux Component Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. antibiotic efflux Resistance Mechanism Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Perfect	ANT(2'')-Ia	protein homolog model	154729 - 155262(+)	4.34061e-130	100 %
ANT(2'') AMR Gene Family Nucelotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 2''. gentamicin C Antibiotic Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. kanamycin A Antibiotic Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. tobramycin Antibiotic Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. gentamicin B Antibiotic Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. plazomicin Antibiotic Plazomicin is a neoglycoside, or next-generation, aminoglycoside, that has been identified as a potentially useful agent to combat drug-resistant bacteria, such as Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. aminoglycoside antibiotic Drug Class Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. antibiotic inactivation Resistance Mechanism Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance.
Perfect	arr-2	protein homolog model	155347 - 155799(+)	2.33764e-112	100 %
rifampin ADP-ribosyltransferase (Arr) AMR Gene Family Enzyme responsible for the ADP-ribosylative inactivation of rifampin at the 23-OH position using NAD+. rifampin Antibiotic Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. rifaximin Antibiotic Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin used to treat traveller's diarrhea. Rifaximin inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. rifabutin Antibiotic Rifabutin is a semisynthetic rifamycin used in tuberculosis therapy. It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. rifapentine Antibiotic Rifapentine is a semisynthetic rifamycin that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. It is often used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy. rifamycin antibiotic Drug Class Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. antibiotic inactivation Resistance Mechanism Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance.
Perfect	cmlA5	protein homolog model	156120 - 157379(+)	0	100 %
major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump AMR Gene Family Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. chloramphenicol Antibiotic Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. phenicol antibiotic Drug Class Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance Efflux Component Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. antibiotic efflux Resistance Mechanism Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Perfect	OXA-10	protein homolog model	157644 - 158444(+)	0	100 %
OXA beta-lactamase AMR Gene Family OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. cephalosporin Drug Class Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. penam Drug Class Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. antibiotic inactivation Resistance Mechanism Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance.
Strict	ANT(3'')-IIa	protein homolog model	158437 - 159252(+)	0	99.63 %
ANT(3'') AMR Gene Family Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' aminoglycoside antibiotic Drug Class Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. antibiotic inactivation Resistance Mechanism Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance.
Perfect	sul1	protein homolog model	161595 - 162434(+)	0	100 %
sulfonamide resistant sul AMR Gene Family The sul genes encode forms of dihydropteroate synthase that confer resistance to sulfonamide. sulfadiazine Antibiotic Sulfadiazine is a potent inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. sulfadimidine Antibiotic Sulfadimidine is an alkaline sulfonamide antibiotic that inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, and enzyme in the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis pathway. This interferes with the production of folate, which is a precursor to many amino acids and nucleotides. sulfadoxine Antibiotic Sulfadoxine is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. sulfamethoxazole Antibiotic Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. sulfisoxazole Antibiotic Sulfisoxazole is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. sulfacetamide Antibiotic Sulfacetamide is a very soluable sulfonamide antibiotic previously used to treat urinary tract infections. Its relatively low activity and toxicity to those with Stevens-Johnson syndrome have reduced its use and availability. mafenide Antibiotic Mafenide is a sulfonamide used topically for treating burns. sulfasalazine Antibiotic Sulfasalazine is a derivative of the early sulfonamide sulfapyridine (salicylazosulfapyridine). It was developed to increase water solubility and is taken orally for ulcerative colitis. sulfamethizole Antibiotic Sulfamethizole is a short-acting sulfonamide that inhibits dihydropteroate synthetase. sulfonamide antibiotic Drug Class Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. antibiotic target replacement Resistance Mechanism Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance.
Perfect	determinant of bleomycin resistance	protein homolog model	165008 - 165373(-)	3.54274e-89	100 %
Bleomycin resistant protein AMR Gene Family Bleomycin resistant proteins (BRP) confer resistance to bleomycin and to bleomycin-like molecules. bleomycinic acid Antibiotic Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. bleomycin A2 Antibiotic Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. bleomycin B2 Antibiotic Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. glycopeptide antibiotic Drug Class Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. antibiotic inactivation Resistance Mechanism Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance.
Perfect	NDM-1	protein homolog model	165377 - 166189(-)	0	100 %
clavulanic acid Adjuvant Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. NDM beta-lactamase AMR Gene Family NDM beta-lactamases or New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamases are class B beta-lactamases that confer resistance to a broad range of antibiotics including carbapenems, cephalosporins and penicillins. amoxicillin Antibiotic Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. ertapenem Antibiotic Ertapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic and is highly resistant to beta-lactamases like other carbapenems. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. meropenem Antibiotic Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. imipenem Antibiotic Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes. amoxicillin-clavulanic acid Antibiotic An antibiotic cocktail containing the beta-lactam antibiotic Amoxicillin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor Clavulanic Acid (potassium clavulanate). carbapenem Drug Class Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. cephalosporin Drug Class Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. cephamycin Drug Class Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. penam Drug Class Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. antibiotic inactivation Resistance Mechanism Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance.
Strict	qacH	protein homolog model	168163 - 168495(+)	7.34605e-70	92.73 %
small multidrug resistance (SMR) antibiotic efflux pump AMR Gene Family Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Small multidrug resistance (SMR) proteins are a relatively small family of transporters, restricted to prokaryotic cells. They are also the smallest multidrug transporters, with only four transmembrane alpha-helices and no significant extramembrane domain. fluoroquinolone antibiotic Drug Class The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance Efflux Component Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. antibiotic efflux Resistance Mechanism Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Perfect	ANT(2'')-Ia	protein homolog model	168569 - 169102(+)	4.34061e-130	100 %
ANT(2'') AMR Gene Family Nucelotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 2''. gentamicin C Antibiotic Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. kanamycin A Antibiotic Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. tobramycin Antibiotic Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. gentamicin B Antibiotic Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. plazomicin Antibiotic Plazomicin is a neoglycoside, or next-generation, aminoglycoside, that has been identified as a potentially useful agent to combat drug-resistant bacteria, such as Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. aminoglycoside antibiotic Drug Class Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. antibiotic inactivation Resistance Mechanism Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance.
Perfect	arr-2	protein homolog model	169187 - 169639(+)	2.33764e-112	100 %
rifampin ADP-ribosyltransferase (Arr) AMR Gene Family Enzyme responsible for the ADP-ribosylative inactivation of rifampin at the 23-OH position using NAD+. rifampin Antibiotic Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. rifaximin Antibiotic Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin used to treat traveller's diarrhea. Rifaximin inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. rifabutin Antibiotic Rifabutin is a semisynthetic rifamycin used in tuberculosis therapy. It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. rifapentine Antibiotic Rifapentine is a semisynthetic rifamycin that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. It is often used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy. rifamycin antibiotic Drug Class Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. antibiotic inactivation Resistance Mechanism Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance.
Perfect	cmlA5	protein homolog model	169960 - 171219(+)	0	100 %
major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump AMR Gene Family Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. chloramphenicol Antibiotic Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. phenicol antibiotic Drug Class Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance Efflux Component Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. antibiotic efflux Resistance Mechanism Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Perfect	OXA-10	protein homolog model	171484 - 172284(+)	0	100 %
OXA beta-lactamase AMR Gene Family OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. cephalosporin Drug Class Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. penam Drug Class Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. antibiotic inactivation Resistance Mechanism Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance.
Strict	ANT(3'')-IIa	protein homolog model	172277 - 173092(+)	0	99.63 %
ANT(3'') AMR Gene Family Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' aminoglycoside antibiotic Drug Class Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. antibiotic inactivation Resistance Mechanism Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance.
Perfect	sul1	protein homolog model	175435 - 176274(+)	0	100 %
sulfonamide resistant sul AMR Gene Family The sul genes encode forms of dihydropteroate synthase that confer resistance to sulfonamide. sulfadiazine Antibiotic Sulfadiazine is a potent inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. sulfadimidine Antibiotic Sulfadimidine is an alkaline sulfonamide antibiotic that inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, and enzyme in the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis pathway. This interferes with the production of folate, which is a precursor to many amino acids and nucleotides. sulfadoxine Antibiotic Sulfadoxine is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. sulfamethoxazole Antibiotic Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. sulfisoxazole Antibiotic Sulfisoxazole is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. sulfacetamide Antibiotic Sulfacetamide is a very soluable sulfonamide antibiotic previously used to treat urinary tract infections. Its relatively low activity and toxicity to those with Stevens-Johnson syndrome have reduced its use and availability. mafenide Antibiotic Mafenide is a sulfonamide used topically for treating burns. sulfasalazine Antibiotic Sulfasalazine is a derivative of the early sulfonamide sulfapyridine (salicylazosulfapyridine). It was developed to increase water solubility and is taken orally for ulcerative colitis. sulfamethizole Antibiotic Sulfamethizole is a short-acting sulfonamide that inhibits dihydropteroate synthetase. sulfonamide antibiotic Drug Class Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. antibiotic target replacement Resistance Mechanism Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance.
Perfect	determinant of bleomycin resistance	protein homolog model	178848 - 179213(-)	3.54274e-89	100 %
Bleomycin resistant protein AMR Gene Family Bleomycin resistant proteins (BRP) confer resistance to bleomycin and to bleomycin-like molecules. bleomycinic acid Antibiotic Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. bleomycin A2 Antibiotic Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. bleomycin B2 Antibiotic Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. glycopeptide antibiotic Drug Class Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. antibiotic inactivation Resistance Mechanism Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance.
Perfect	NDM-1	protein homolog model	179217 - 180029(-)	0	100 %
clavulanic acid Adjuvant Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. NDM beta-lactamase AMR Gene Family NDM beta-lactamases or New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamases are class B beta-lactamases that confer resistance to a broad range of antibiotics including carbapenems, cephalosporins and penicillins. amoxicillin Antibiotic Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. ertapenem Antibiotic Ertapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic and is highly resistant to beta-lactamases like other carbapenems. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. meropenem Antibiotic Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. imipenem Antibiotic Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes. amoxicillin-clavulanic acid Antibiotic An antibiotic cocktail containing the beta-lactam antibiotic Amoxicillin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor Clavulanic Acid (potassium clavulanate). carbapenem Drug Class Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. cephalosporin Drug Class Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. cephamycin Drug Class Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. penam Drug Class Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. antibiotic inactivation Resistance Mechanism Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance.
Perfect	APH(3')-VI	protein homolog model	181307 - 182086(-)	0	100 %
APH(3') AMR Gene Family Phosphorylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides on the hydroxyl group at position 3' neomycin Antibiotic Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. amikacin Antibiotic Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. ribostamycin Antibiotic Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. butirosin Antibiotic Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. kanamycin A Antibiotic Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. isepamicin Antibiotic A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. G418 Antibiotic A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). gentamicin B Antibiotic Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. paromomycin Antibiotic An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. aminoglycoside antibiotic Drug Class Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. antibiotic inactivation Resistance Mechanism Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance.
Perfect	sul1	protein homolog model	183782 - 184621(+)	0	100 %
sulfonamide resistant sul AMR Gene Family The sul genes encode forms of dihydropteroate synthase that confer resistance to sulfonamide. sulfadiazine Antibiotic Sulfadiazine is a potent inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. sulfadimidine Antibiotic Sulfadimidine is an alkaline sulfonamide antibiotic that inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, and enzyme in the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis pathway. This interferes with the production of folate, which is a precursor to many amino acids and nucleotides. sulfadoxine Antibiotic Sulfadoxine is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. sulfamethoxazole Antibiotic Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. sulfisoxazole Antibiotic Sulfisoxazole is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. sulfacetamide Antibiotic Sulfacetamide is a very soluable sulfonamide antibiotic previously used to treat urinary tract infections. Its relatively low activity and toxicity to those with Stevens-Johnson syndrome have reduced its use and availability. mafenide Antibiotic Mafenide is a sulfonamide used topically for treating burns. sulfasalazine Antibiotic Sulfasalazine is a derivative of the early sulfonamide sulfapyridine (salicylazosulfapyridine). It was developed to increase water solubility and is taken orally for ulcerative colitis. sulfamethizole Antibiotic Sulfamethizole is a short-acting sulfonamide that inhibits dihydropteroate synthetase. sulfonamide antibiotic Drug Class Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. antibiotic target replacement Resistance Mechanism Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance.
Perfect	sul1	protein homolog model	190910 - 191749(+)	0	100 %
sulfonamide resistant sul AMR Gene Family The sul genes encode forms of dihydropteroate synthase that confer resistance to sulfonamide. sulfadiazine Antibiotic Sulfadiazine is a potent inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. sulfadimidine Antibiotic Sulfadimidine is an alkaline sulfonamide antibiotic that inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, and enzyme in the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis pathway. This interferes with the production of folate, which is a precursor to many amino acids and nucleotides. sulfadoxine Antibiotic Sulfadoxine is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. sulfamethoxazole Antibiotic Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. sulfisoxazole Antibiotic Sulfisoxazole is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. sulfacetamide Antibiotic Sulfacetamide is a very soluable sulfonamide antibiotic previously used to treat urinary tract infections. Its relatively low activity and toxicity to those with Stevens-Johnson syndrome have reduced its use and availability. mafenide Antibiotic Mafenide is a sulfonamide used topically for treating burns. sulfasalazine Antibiotic Sulfasalazine is a derivative of the early sulfonamide sulfapyridine (salicylazosulfapyridine). It was developed to increase water solubility and is taken orally for ulcerative colitis. sulfamethizole Antibiotic Sulfamethizole is a short-acting sulfonamide that inhibits dihydropteroate synthetase. sulfonamide antibiotic Drug Class Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. antibiotic target replacement Resistance Mechanism Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance.
Perfect	mphA	protein homolog model	197060 - 197965(-)	0	100 %
macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH) AMR Gene Family Macrolide phosphotransferases (MPH) are enzymes encoded by macrolide phosphotransferase genes (mph genes). These enzymes phosphorylate macrolides in GTP dependent manner at 2'-OH of desosamine sugar thereby inactivating them. Characterized MPH's are differentiated based on their substrate specificity. erythromycin Antibiotic Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. roxithromycin Antibiotic Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. telithromycin Antibiotic Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. clarithromycin Antibiotic Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. azithromycin Antibiotic Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. dirithromycin Antibiotic Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. oleandomycin Antibiotic Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. macrolide antibiotic Drug Class Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. antibiotic inactivation Resistance Mechanism Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance.

Plasmid genes

AMR genes

Plasmid map

Characteristic genes

Antimicrobial resistance genes