| Gene name | Length | Location | Length of alignment | Identity (%) | Coverage (%) | E-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| repA | 1052 | 3402836 - 3403887 (+) | 1052 | 100 | 96 | 0 |
| Type match | Model name | Model type | Location | E-value | Identity | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strict | TriA | protein homolog model | 184504 - 185607(+) | 0 | 99.73 % | ||||
|
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Drug Class
Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI).
|
|||||||||
| Perfect | TriB | protein homolog model | 185604 - 186674(+) | 0 | 100 % | ||||
|
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Drug Class
Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI).
|
|||||||||
| Perfect | TriC | protein homolog model | 186671 - 189718(+) | 0 | 100 % | ||||
|
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Drug Class
Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI).
|
|||||||||
| Perfect | MexA | protein homolog model | 484505 - 485656(+) | 0 | 100 % | ||||
|
Antibiotic
Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides.
Drug Class
Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway.
Drug Class
Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms.
Antibiotic
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
Drug Class
Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome.
Antibiotic
Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments.
Drug Class
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
Antibiotic
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Antibiotic
Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation.
Drug Class
Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins.
Antibiotic
Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan.
Antibiotic
Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin.
Drug Class
Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur.
Antibiotic
Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections.
Antibiotic
Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
Antibiotic
Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic.
Drug Class
Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis.
Drug Class
Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases.
Antibiotic
Colistin A, or polymyxin E1, has a 6-octanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
Antibiotic
Colistin B, or polymyxin E2, has a 6-heptanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
Drug Class
Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics.
Adjuvant
Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins.
Antibiotic
Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem.
Antibiotic
An antibiotic cocktail containing the beta-lactam antibiotic Amoxicillin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor Clavulanic Acid (potassium clavulanate).
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Antibiotic
Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin used for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly P. aeruginosa. Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis, when the bacteria try to divide, causing cell death.
Antibiotic
Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Drug Class
Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Antibiotic
Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death.
Antibiotic
Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity.
Antibiotic
An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX).
|
|||||||||
| Strict | MexB | protein homolog model | 485672 - 488812(+) | 0 | 99.9 % | ||||
|
Antibiotic
Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides.
Drug Class
Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway.
Drug Class
Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms.
Antibiotic
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
Drug Class
Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome.
Antibiotic
Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments.
Drug Class
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
Antibiotic
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Antibiotic
Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation.
Drug Class
Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins.
Antibiotic
Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan.
Antibiotic
Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin.
Drug Class
Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur.
Antibiotic
Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections.
Antibiotic
Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
Antibiotic
Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic.
Drug Class
Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis.
Drug Class
Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases.
Antibiotic
Colistin A, or polymyxin E1, has a 6-octanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
Antibiotic
Colistin B, or polymyxin E2, has a 6-heptanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
Drug Class
Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics.
Adjuvant
Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins.
Antibiotic
Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem.
Antibiotic
An antibiotic cocktail containing the beta-lactam antibiotic Amoxicillin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor Clavulanic Acid (potassium clavulanate).
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Antibiotic
Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin used for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly P. aeruginosa. Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis, when the bacteria try to divide, causing cell death.
Antibiotic
Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Drug Class
Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Antibiotic
Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death.
Antibiotic
Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity.
Antibiotic
An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX).
|
|||||||||
| Perfect | OprM | protein homolog model | 488814 - 490271(+) | 0 | 100 % | ||||
|
Drug Class
Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Antibiotic
Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides.
Drug Class
Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway.
Antibiotic
Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Antibiotic
Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Antibiotic
Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Drug Class
Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms.
Antibiotic
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
Drug Class
Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome.
Antibiotic
Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments.
Antibiotic
Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes.
Drug Class
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
Antibiotic
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Antibiotic
Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation.
Drug Class
Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins.
Antibiotic
Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan.
Antibiotic
Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin.
Drug Class
Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur.
Antibiotic
Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections.
Antibiotic
Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
Antibiotic
Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic.
Drug Class
Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis.
Drug Class
Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases.
Antibiotic
Colistin A, or polymyxin E1, has a 6-octanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
Antibiotic
Colistin B, or polymyxin E2, has a 6-heptanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
Drug Class
Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics.
Adjuvant
Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins.
Antibiotic
Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem.
Antibiotic
An antibiotic cocktail containing the beta-lactam antibiotic Amoxicillin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor Clavulanic Acid (potassium clavulanate).
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Antibiotic
Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin used for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly P. aeruginosa. Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis, when the bacteria try to divide, causing cell death.
Antibiotic
Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Drug Class
Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Antibiotic
Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3).
Antibiotic
Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant.
Antibiotic
Acriflavine is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish.
Drug Class
Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents.
Antibiotic
Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death.
Antibiotic
Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity.
Antibiotic
An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX).
|
|||||||||
| Strict | opmD | protein homolog model | 895316 - 896779(-) | 0 | 99.59 % | ||||
|
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes.
Drug Class
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Antibiotic
Acriflavine is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish.
Drug Class
Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents.
|
|||||||||
| Perfect | mexI | protein homolog model | 896776 - 899865(-) | 0 | 100 % | ||||
|
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes.
Drug Class
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Antibiotic
Acriflavine is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish.
Drug Class
Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents.
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|||||||||
| Strict | mexH | protein homolog model | 899878 - 900990(-) | 0 | 99.73 % | ||||
|
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes.
Drug Class
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Antibiotic
Acriflavine is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish.
Drug Class
Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents.
|
|||||||||
| Perfect | mexG | protein homolog model | 900998 - 901444(-) | 2.87633e-104 | 100 % | ||||
|
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes.
Drug Class
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Antibiotic
Acriflavine is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish.
Drug Class
Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents.
|
|||||||||
| Perfect | bcr-1 | protein homolog model | 1021516 - 1022724(+) | 0 | 100 % | ||||
|
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Drug Class
Bicyclomycin represents a unique class of antibiotics, discovered in 1972. It is obtained by the fermentation of Streptomyces sapporonensis. In the crystalline form bicyclomycin is observed to be rhombic or monoclinic, depending on the solvent used. This antibiotic kills bacteria by inhibiting the Rho transcription terminator factor, halting ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis.
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|||||||||
| Strict | APH(3')-IIb | protein homolog model | 1039427 - 1040233(+) | 0 | 99.25 % | ||||
|
Drug Class
Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Resistance Mechanism
Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance.
Antibiotic
Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Antibiotic
Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Antibiotic
Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial.
AMR Gene Family
Phosphorylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides on the hydroxyl group at position 3'
Antibiotic
Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Antibiotic
A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3').
Antibiotic
An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes.
Antibiotic
Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
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|||||||||
| Perfect | PDC-10 | protein homolog model | 1052589 - 1053782(-) | 0 | 100 % | ||||
|
Resistance Mechanism
Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance.
Drug Class
Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Antibiotic
Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections.
Drug Class
Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
AMR Gene Family
PDC beta-lactamases are class C beta-lactamases that are found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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|||||||||
| Perfect | mexL | protein homolog model | 1589288 - 1589926(-) | 1.53097e-156 | 100 % | ||||
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Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Drug Class
Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Efflux Regulator
Protein(s) and two component regulatory systems that directly or indirectly change rates of antibiotic efflux.
Drug Class
Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI).
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|||||||||
| Strict | mexK | protein homolog model | 1591129 - 1594206(+) | 0 | 99.9 % | ||||
|
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Drug Class
Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Drug Class
Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI).
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|||||||||
| Strict | arnA | protein homolog model | 1730627 - 1732615(-) | 0 | 99.4 % | ||||
|
Resistance Mechanism
Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance.
Drug Class
Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics.
AMR Gene Family
This family of phosphoethanolamine transferase catalyze the addition of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) and phosphoethanolamine to lipid A, which impedes the binding of colistin to the cell membrane.
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|||||||||
| Perfect | mexP | protein homolog model | 1770822 - 1771979(+) | 0 | 100 % | ||||
|
Antibiotic
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
Drug Class
Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Drug Class
Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
Antibiotic
Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic.
Drug Class
Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis.
Drug Class
Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Antibiotic
Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Antibiotic
Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3).
Antibiotic
Acriflavine is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish.
Drug Class
Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents.
Antibiotic
Kitasamycin is a macrolide antibiotic and is produced by Streptoverticillium kitasatoense. The drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens.
Antibiotic
Rokitamycin is a macrolide antibiotic. Synthesized from strains of Streptomyces kitasatoensis.
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|||||||||
| Strict | mexQ | protein homolog model | 1771976 - 1775137(+) | 0 | 99.53 % | ||||
|
Antibiotic
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
Drug Class
Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Drug Class
Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
Antibiotic
Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic.
Drug Class
Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis.
Drug Class
Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Antibiotic
Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Antibiotic
Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3).
Antibiotic
Acriflavine is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish.
Drug Class
Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents.
Antibiotic
Kitasamycin is a macrolide antibiotic and is produced by Streptoverticillium kitasatoense. The drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens.
Antibiotic
Rokitamycin is a macrolide antibiotic. Synthesized from strains of Streptomyces kitasatoensis.
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| Strict | opmE | protein homolog model | 1775134 - 1776609(+) | 0 | 99.19 % | ||||
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Antibiotic
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
Drug Class
Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Drug Class
Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
Antibiotic
Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic.
Drug Class
Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis.
Drug Class
Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Antibiotic
Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Antibiotic
Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3).
Antibiotic
Acriflavine is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish.
Drug Class
Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents.
Antibiotic
Kitasamycin is a macrolide antibiotic and is produced by Streptoverticillium kitasatoense. The drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens.
Antibiotic
Rokitamycin is a macrolide antibiotic. Synthesized from strains of Streptomyces kitasatoensis.
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| Perfect | Pseudomonas aeruginosa CpxR | protein homolog model | 2117705 - 2118382(-) | 5.67459e-161 | 100 % | ||||
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Drug Class
Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Antibiotic
Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides.
Drug Class
Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway.
Drug Class
Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms.
Antibiotic
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
Drug Class
Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome.
Drug Class
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
Antibiotic
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Antibiotic
Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation.
Drug Class
Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins.
Antibiotic
Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan.
Antibiotic
Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin.
Drug Class
Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur.
Antibiotic
Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections.
Antibiotic
Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
Antibiotic
Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic.
Drug Class
Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis.
Drug Class
Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases.
Antibiotic
Colistin A, or polymyxin E1, has a 6-octanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
Antibiotic
Colistin B, or polymyxin E2, has a 6-heptanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
Drug Class
Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics.
Adjuvant
Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins.
Antibiotic
Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem.
Antibiotic
An antibiotic cocktail containing the beta-lactam antibiotic Amoxicillin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor Clavulanic Acid (potassium clavulanate).
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Efflux Regulator
Protein(s) and two component regulatory systems that directly or indirectly change rates of antibiotic efflux.
Antibiotic
Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Drug Class
Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Antibiotic
Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death.
Antibiotic
Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity.
Antibiotic
An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX).
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| Strict | ANT(3'')-IIa | protein homolog model | 2929854 - 2930630(+) | 0 | 99.23 % | ||||
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Drug Class
Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Resistance Mechanism
Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance.
AMR Gene Family
Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3''
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| Strict | OXA-4 | protein homolog model | 2932238 - 2933068(+) | 0 | 99.64 % | ||||
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Resistance Mechanism
Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance.
AMR Gene Family
OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime.
Drug Class
Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms.
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| Perfect | sul1 | protein homolog model | 2933621 - 2934460(+) | 0 | 100 % | ||||
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AMR Gene Family
The sul genes encode forms of dihydropteroate synthase that confer resistance to sulfonamide.
Antibiotic
Sulfadiazine is a potent inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids.
Antibiotic
Sulfadimidine is an alkaline sulfonamide antibiotic that inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, and enzyme in the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis pathway. This interferes with the production of folate, which is a precursor to many amino acids and nucleotides.
Antibiotic
Sulfadoxine is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids.
Antibiotic
Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides.
Antibiotic
Sulfisoxazole is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids.
Antibiotic
Sulfacetamide is a very soluable sulfonamide antibiotic previously used to treat urinary tract infections. Its relatively low activity and toxicity to those with Stevens-Johnson syndrome have reduced its use and availability.
Antibiotic
Mafenide is a sulfonamide used topically for treating burns.
Antibiotic
Sulfasalazine is a derivative of the early sulfonamide sulfapyridine (salicylazosulfapyridine). It was developed to increase water solubility and is taken orally for ulcerative colitis.
Antibiotic
Sulfamethizole is a short-acting sulfonamide that inhibits dihydropteroate synthetase.
Drug Class
Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway.
Resistance Mechanism
Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance.
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| Strict | MuxA | protein homolog model | 3079655 - 3080935(+) | 0 | 99.77 % | ||||
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Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Drug Class
Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins.
Drug Class
Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Antibiotic
Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Drug Class
Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Antibiotic
Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death.
Antibiotic
Kitasamycin is a macrolide antibiotic and is produced by Streptoverticillium kitasatoense. The drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens.
Antibiotic
Rokitamycin is a macrolide antibiotic. Synthesized from strains of Streptomyces kitasatoensis.
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| Perfect | MuxB | protein homolog model | 3080932 - 3084063(+) | 0 | 100 % | ||||
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Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Drug Class
Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins.
Drug Class
Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Antibiotic
Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Drug Class
Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Antibiotic
Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death.
Antibiotic
Kitasamycin is a macrolide antibiotic and is produced by Streptoverticillium kitasatoense. The drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens.
Antibiotic
Rokitamycin is a macrolide antibiotic. Synthesized from strains of Streptomyces kitasatoensis.
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| Perfect | MuxC | protein homolog model | 3084060 - 3087170(+) | 0 | 100 % | ||||
|
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Drug Class
Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins.
Drug Class
Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Antibiotic
Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Drug Class
Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Antibiotic
Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death.
Antibiotic
Kitasamycin is a macrolide antibiotic and is produced by Streptoverticillium kitasatoense. The drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens.
Antibiotic
Rokitamycin is a macrolide antibiotic. Synthesized from strains of Streptomyces kitasatoensis.
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|||||||||
| Strict | OpmB | protein homolog model | 3087167 - 3088666(+) | 0 | 99 % | ||||
|
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Drug Class
Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins.
Drug Class
Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Antibiotic
Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Drug Class
Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Antibiotic
Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death.
Antibiotic
Kitasamycin is a macrolide antibiotic and is produced by Streptoverticillium kitasatoense. The drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens.
Antibiotic
Rokitamycin is a macrolide antibiotic. Synthesized from strains of Streptomyces kitasatoensis.
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| Perfect | OprN | protein homolog model | 3120337 - 3121755(-) | 0 | 100 % | ||||
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Antibiotic
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
Drug Class
Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome.
Antibiotic
Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes.
Drug Class
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
Antibiotic
Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic.
Drug Class
Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
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| Perfect | MexF | protein homolog model | 3121752 - 3124940(-) | 0 | 100 % | ||||
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Antibiotic
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
Drug Class
Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome.
Antibiotic
Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes.
Drug Class
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
Antibiotic
Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic.
Drug Class
Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
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| Perfect | MexE | protein homolog model | 3124962 - 3126206(-) | 0 | 100 % | ||||
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Antibiotic
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
Drug Class
Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome.
Antibiotic
Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes.
Drug Class
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
Antibiotic
Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic.
Drug Class
Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
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| Perfect | sul1 | protein homolog model | 3366375 - 3367214(+) | 0 | 100 % | ||||
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AMR Gene Family
The sul genes encode forms of dihydropteroate synthase that confer resistance to sulfonamide.
Antibiotic
Sulfadiazine is a potent inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids.
Antibiotic
Sulfadimidine is an alkaline sulfonamide antibiotic that inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, and enzyme in the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis pathway. This interferes with the production of folate, which is a precursor to many amino acids and nucleotides.
Antibiotic
Sulfadoxine is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids.
Antibiotic
Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides.
Antibiotic
Sulfisoxazole is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids.
Antibiotic
Sulfacetamide is a very soluable sulfonamide antibiotic previously used to treat urinary tract infections. Its relatively low activity and toxicity to those with Stevens-Johnson syndrome have reduced its use and availability.
Antibiotic
Mafenide is a sulfonamide used topically for treating burns.
Antibiotic
Sulfasalazine is a derivative of the early sulfonamide sulfapyridine (salicylazosulfapyridine). It was developed to increase water solubility and is taken orally for ulcerative colitis.
Antibiotic
Sulfamethizole is a short-acting sulfonamide that inhibits dihydropteroate synthetase.
Drug Class
Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway.
Resistance Mechanism
Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance.
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| Perfect | NDM-1 | protein homolog model | 3371313 - 3372125(-) | 0 | 100 % | ||||
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Resistance Mechanism
Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance.
Drug Class
Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms.
Antibiotic
Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan.
Drug Class
Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases.
Adjuvant
Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins.
AMR Gene Family
NDM beta-lactamases or New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamases are class B beta-lactamases that confer resistance to a broad range of antibiotics including carbapenems, cephalosporins and penicillins.
Antibiotic
Ertapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic and is highly resistant to beta-lactamases like other carbapenems. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Antibiotic
Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem.
Antibiotic
Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes.
Antibiotic
An antibiotic cocktail containing the beta-lactam antibiotic Amoxicillin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor Clavulanic Acid (potassium clavulanate).
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| Perfect | APH(3')-VI | protein homolog model | 3373403 - 3374182(-) | 0 | 100 % | ||||
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Drug Class
Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Resistance Mechanism
Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance.
Antibiotic
Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Antibiotic
Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Antibiotic
Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Antibiotic
A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae.
Antibiotic
Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial.
AMR Gene Family
Phosphorylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides on the hydroxyl group at position 3'
Antibiotic
Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Antibiotic
A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3').
Antibiotic
An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes.
Antibiotic
Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
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| Perfect | sul1 | protein homolog model | 3375958 - 3376797(+) | 0 | 100 % | ||||
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AMR Gene Family
The sul genes encode forms of dihydropteroate synthase that confer resistance to sulfonamide.
Antibiotic
Sulfadiazine is a potent inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids.
Antibiotic
Sulfadimidine is an alkaline sulfonamide antibiotic that inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, and enzyme in the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis pathway. This interferes with the production of folate, which is a precursor to many amino acids and nucleotides.
Antibiotic
Sulfadoxine is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids.
Antibiotic
Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides.
Antibiotic
Sulfisoxazole is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids.
Antibiotic
Sulfacetamide is a very soluable sulfonamide antibiotic previously used to treat urinary tract infections. Its relatively low activity and toxicity to those with Stevens-Johnson syndrome have reduced its use and availability.
Antibiotic
Mafenide is a sulfonamide used topically for treating burns.
Antibiotic
Sulfasalazine is a derivative of the early sulfonamide sulfapyridine (salicylazosulfapyridine). It was developed to increase water solubility and is taken orally for ulcerative colitis.
Antibiotic
Sulfamethizole is a short-acting sulfonamide that inhibits dihydropteroate synthetase.
Drug Class
Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway.
Resistance Mechanism
Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance.
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| Strict | QnrB20 | protein homolog model | 3380544 - 3381188(-) | 1.40216e-160 | 99.53 % | ||||
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AMR Gene Family
Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics
Antibiotic
Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome.
Antibiotic
Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication.
Antibiotic
Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases.
Antibiotic
Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Antibiotic
Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments.
Antibiotic
Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes.
Antibiotic
Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes.
Drug Class
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
Resistance Mechanism
Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance.
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| Perfect | sul1 | protein homolog model | 3381679 - 3382518(+) | 0 | 100 % | ||||
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AMR Gene Family
The sul genes encode forms of dihydropteroate synthase that confer resistance to sulfonamide.
Antibiotic
Sulfadiazine is a potent inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids.
Antibiotic
Sulfadimidine is an alkaline sulfonamide antibiotic that inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, and enzyme in the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis pathway. This interferes with the production of folate, which is a precursor to many amino acids and nucleotides.
Antibiotic
Sulfadoxine is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids.
Antibiotic
Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides.
Antibiotic
Sulfisoxazole is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids.
Antibiotic
Sulfacetamide is a very soluable sulfonamide antibiotic previously used to treat urinary tract infections. Its relatively low activity and toxicity to those with Stevens-Johnson syndrome have reduced its use and availability.
Antibiotic
Mafenide is a sulfonamide used topically for treating burns.
Antibiotic
Sulfasalazine is a derivative of the early sulfonamide sulfapyridine (salicylazosulfapyridine). It was developed to increase water solubility and is taken orally for ulcerative colitis.
Antibiotic
Sulfamethizole is a short-acting sulfonamide that inhibits dihydropteroate synthetase.
Drug Class
Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway.
Resistance Mechanism
Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance.
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| Perfect | mphA | protein homolog model | 3389156 - 3390061(-) | 0 | 100 % | ||||
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Resistance Mechanism
Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance.
AMR Gene Family
Macrolide phosphotransferases (MPH) are enzymes encoded by macrolide phosphotransferase genes (mph genes). These enzymes phosphorylate macrolides in GTP dependent manner at 2'-OH of desosamine sugar thereby inactivating them. Characterized MPH's are differentiated based on their substrate specificity.
Antibiotic
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Antibiotic
Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Antibiotic
Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis.
Antibiotic
Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections.
Antibiotic
Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation.
Antibiotic
Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
Antibiotic
Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis.
Drug Class
Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins.
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| Strict | ErmB | protein homolog model | 3391243 - 3391980(+) | 1.00567e-179 | 97.96 % | ||||
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Antibiotic
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Antibiotic
Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Antibiotic
Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis.
Antibiotic
Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections.
Antibiotic
Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation.
Antibiotic
Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
Antibiotic
Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis.
Drug Class
Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins.
AMR Gene Family
Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype.
Drug Class
Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides.
Drug Class
Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30.
Resistance Mechanism
Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance.
Antibiotic
Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction.
Antibiotic
Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria.
Antibiotic
Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis.
Antibiotic
Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis.
Antibiotic
Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains.
Antibiotic
Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis.
Antibiotic
Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic.
Antibiotic
Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic.
Antibiotic
Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic.
Antibiotic
Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria.
Antibiotic
Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group).
Antibiotic
Virginiamycin S2 is a streptogramin B antibiotic.
Antibiotic
Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1.
Antibiotic
Vernamycin C is a streptogramin B antibiotic.
Antibiotic
Patricin A is a streptogramin B antibiotic.
Antibiotic
Patricin B is a streptogramin B antibiotic.
Antibiotic
Ostreogrycin B3 is a derivative of pristinamycin IA, with an additional 3-hydroxy group on its 4-oxopipecolic acid.
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| Perfect | TEM-1 | protein homolog model | 3397797 - 3398657(-) | 0 | 100 % | ||||
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Resistance Mechanism
Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance.
Drug Class
Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms.
AMR Gene Family
TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described.
Antibiotic
Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan.
Antibiotic
Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin.
Antibiotic
Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases.
Drug Class
Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur.
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| Perfect | Pseudomonas aeruginosa soxR | protein homolog model | 3492756 - 3493226(+) | 2.73123e-113 | 100 % | ||||
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Drug Class
Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient.
Antibiotic
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
Drug Class
Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome.
Antibiotic
Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes.
Drug Class
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
Antibiotic
Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin.
Antibiotic
Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
Antibiotic
Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections.
Drug Class
Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs.
Resistance Mechanism
Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance.
Antibiotic
Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Efflux Regulator
Protein(s) and two component regulatory systems that directly or indirectly change rates of antibiotic efflux.
Drug Class
Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI).
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes.
Antibiotic
Acriflavine is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish.
Drug Class
Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents.
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| Strict | mexY | protein homolog model | 3832848 - 3835985(+) | 0 | 93.59 % | ||||
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Drug Class
Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Antibiotic
Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Antibiotic
Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Antibiotic
A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci.
Antibiotic
Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Drug Class
Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms.
Antibiotic
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
Drug Class
Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome.
Antibiotic
Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes.
Drug Class
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
Antibiotic
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Drug Class
Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
Drug Class
Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases.
Antibiotic
Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Antibiotic
Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant.
Antibiotic
Acriflavine is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish.
Drug Class
Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents.
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| Strict | PmpM | protein homolog model | 4401802 - 4403235(+) | 0 | 99.79 % | ||||
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Drug Class
Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Antibiotic
Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Drug Class
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
Drug Class
Benzalkonium chloride is a type of cationic surfactant. It is an organic salt called a quaternary ammonium compound. It has three main categories of use: as a biocide, a cationic surfactant, and as a phase transfer agent.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters utilize the cationic gradient across the membrane as an energy source. Although there is a diverse substrate specificity, almost all MATE transporters recognize fluoroquinolones. Arciflavine, ethidium and aminoglycosides are also good substrates.
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| Strict | mexN | protein homolog model | 4557772 - 4560882(-) | 0 | 99.71 % | ||||
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Antibiotic
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
Drug Class
Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Antibiotic
Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3).
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| Strict | mexM | protein homolog model | 4560879 - 4562036(-) | 0 | 98.44 % | ||||
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Antibiotic
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
Drug Class
Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Antibiotic
Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3).
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| Strict | fosA | protein homolog model | 4801176 - 4801583(-) | 2.39843e-97 | 99.26 % | ||||
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Resistance Mechanism
Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance.
AMR Gene Family
Catalyzes the addition of a thiol group from a nucleophilic molecule to fosfomycin.
Drug Class
Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction.
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| Strict | Pseudomonas aeruginosa catB7 | protein homolog model | 5293214 - 5293852(+) | 4.4478e-161 | 99.06 % | ||||
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Resistance Mechanism
Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance.
Antibiotic
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
Drug Class
Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome.
AMR Gene Family
Inactivates chloramphenicol by addition of an acyl group. cat is used to describe many variants of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a range of organisms including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listonella anguillarum Morganella morganii, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis and Streptomyces acrimycini
Antibiotic
Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit.
Antibiotic
Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3).
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| Strict | mexV | protein homolog model | 5460054 - 5461184(+) | 0 | 99.47 % | ||||
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Antibiotic
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
Drug Class
Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Drug Class
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
Antibiotic
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Drug Class
Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Antibiotic
Acriflavine is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish.
Drug Class
Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents.
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| Strict | mexW | protein homolog model | 5461235 - 5464291(+) | 0 | 99.9 % | ||||
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Antibiotic
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
Drug Class
Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Drug Class
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
Antibiotic
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Drug Class
Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Antibiotic
Acriflavine is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish.
Drug Class
Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents.
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| Strict | OprJ | protein homolog model | 5795891 - 5797330(-) | 0 | 98.96 % | ||||
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Drug Class
Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Antibiotic
Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Drug Class
Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms.
Antibiotic
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
Drug Class
Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Drug Class
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
Antibiotic
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Drug Class
Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
Antibiotic
Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic.
Drug Class
Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Antibiotic
Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Drug Class
Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Antibiotic
Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant.
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| Strict | MexD | protein homolog model | 5797336 - 5800467(-) | 0 | 95.43 % | ||||
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Drug Class
Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Antibiotic
Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Drug Class
Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms.
Antibiotic
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
Drug Class
Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Drug Class
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
Antibiotic
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Drug Class
Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
Antibiotic
Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic.
Drug Class
Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Antibiotic
Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Drug Class
Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Antibiotic
Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant.
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| Strict | basS | protein homolog model | 6057842 - 6059275(+) | 0 | 99.79 % | ||||
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Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Resistance Mechanism
Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance.
Drug Class
Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics.
AMR Gene Family
This family of phosphoethanolamine transferase catalyze the addition of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) and phosphoethanolamine to lipid A, which impedes the binding of colistin to the cell membrane.
Efflux Regulator
Protein(s) and two component regulatory systems that directly or indirectly change rates of antibiotic efflux.
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| Strict | OpmH | protein homolog model | 6275928 - 6277376(+) | 0 | 97.3 % | ||||
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Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Drug Class
Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI).
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| Perfect | Pseudomonas aeruginosa emrE | protein homolog model | 6297930 - 6298262(+) | 4.26985e-72 | 100 % | ||||
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Drug Class
Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Antibiotic
Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Small multidrug resistance (SMR) proteins are a relatively small family of transporters, restricted to prokaryotic cells. They are also the smallest multidrug transporters, with only four transmembrane alpha-helices and no significant extramembrane domain.
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| Perfect | OXA-486 | protein homolog model | 6925377 - 6926165(+) | 0 | 100 % | ||||
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Resistance Mechanism
Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance.
AMR Gene Family
OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime.
Drug Class
Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms.
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| Strict | Pseudomonas aeruginosa gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones | protein variant model | 2153771 - 2156542(+) | 0 | 99.89 % | ||||
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Antibiotic
Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome.
Antibiotic
Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication.
Antibiotic
Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes.
Drug Class
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
Resistance Mechanism
Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance.
Antibiotic
Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant.
Antibiotic
Pefloxacin is structurally and functionally similar to norfloxacin. It is poorly active against mycobacteria, while anaerobes are resistant.
AMR Gene Family
DNA gyrase is responsible for DNA supercoiling and consists of two alpha and two beta subunits. GyrA point mutations confer resistance by preventing fluoroquinolone antibiotics from binding the alpha-subunit.
Antibiotic
Sitafloxacin is a fluoroquinolone active against multi-resistant Gram-positive and negative pathogens. Sitafloxacin shows inhibitory activity against DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which blocks bacterial DNA replication, thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome.
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| Strict | basR | protein variant model | 6057153 - 6057818(+) | 3.15835e-156 | 99.55 % | ||||
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Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Resistance Mechanism
Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance.
Drug Class
Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics.
AMR Gene Family
This family of phosphoethanolamine transferase catalyze the addition of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) and phosphoethanolamine to lipid A, which impedes the binding of colistin to the cell membrane.
Efflux Regulator
Protein(s) and two component regulatory systems that directly or indirectly change rates of antibiotic efflux.
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| Strict | mexR | protein overexpression model | 483787 - 484230(-) | 7.95951e-106 | 99.32 % | ||||
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Antibiotic
Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides.
Drug Class
Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway.
Drug Class
Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms.
Antibiotic
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
Drug Class
Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome.
Drug Class
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
Antibiotic
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Antibiotic
Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation.
Drug Class
Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins.
Antibiotic
Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan.
Antibiotic
Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin.
Drug Class
Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur.
Antibiotic
Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections.
Antibiotic
Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
Antibiotic
Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic.
Drug Class
Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis.
Drug Class
Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases.
Resistance Mechanism
Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance.
Antibiotic
Colistin A, or polymyxin E1, has a 6-octanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
Antibiotic
Colistin B, or polymyxin E2, has a 6-heptanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
Drug Class
Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics.
Adjuvant
Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins.
Antibiotic
Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem.
Antibiotic
An antibiotic cocktail containing the beta-lactam antibiotic Amoxicillin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor Clavulanic Acid (potassium clavulanate).
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Efflux Regulator
Protein(s) and two component regulatory systems that directly or indirectly change rates of antibiotic efflux.
Antibiotic
Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Drug Class
Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Antibiotic
Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death.
Antibiotic
Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity.
Antibiotic
An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX).
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| Strict | nalC | protein overexpression model | 1543251 - 1543892(-) | 3.63097e-158 | 100 % | ||||
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Antibiotic
Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides.
Drug Class
Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway.
Drug Class
Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms.
Antibiotic
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
Drug Class
Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome.
Drug Class
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
Antibiotic
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Antibiotic
Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation.
Drug Class
Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins.
Antibiotic
Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan.
Antibiotic
Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin.
Drug Class
Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur.
Antibiotic
Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections.
Antibiotic
Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
Antibiotic
Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic.
Drug Class
Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis.
Drug Class
Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases.
Antibiotic
Colistin A, or polymyxin E1, has a 6-octanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
Antibiotic
Colistin B, or polymyxin E2, has a 6-heptanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
Drug Class
Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics.
Adjuvant
Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins.
Antibiotic
Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem.
Antibiotic
An antibiotic cocktail containing the beta-lactam antibiotic Amoxicillin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor Clavulanic Acid (potassium clavulanate).
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Efflux Regulator
Protein(s) and two component regulatory systems that directly or indirectly change rates of antibiotic efflux.
Antibiotic
Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Drug Class
Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Antibiotic
Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death.
Antibiotic
Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity.
Antibiotic
An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX).
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| Strict | nalD | protein overexpression model | 1704406 - 1705044(-) | 2.09367e-159 | 100 % | ||||
|
Antibiotic
Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides.
Drug Class
Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway.
Drug Class
Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms.
Antibiotic
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
Drug Class
Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome.
Antibiotic
Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments.
Drug Class
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
Antibiotic
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Antibiotic
Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation.
Drug Class
Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins.
Antibiotic
Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan.
Antibiotic
Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin.
Drug Class
Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur.
Antibiotic
Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections.
Antibiotic
Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
Antibiotic
Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic.
Drug Class
Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis.
Drug Class
Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases.
Antibiotic
Colistin A, or polymyxin E1, has a 6-octanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
Antibiotic
Colistin B, or polymyxin E2, has a 6-heptanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
Drug Class
Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics.
Adjuvant
Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins.
Antibiotic
Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem.
Antibiotic
An antibiotic cocktail containing the beta-lactam antibiotic Amoxicillin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor Clavulanic Acid (potassium clavulanate).
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Efflux Regulator
Protein(s) and two component regulatory systems that directly or indirectly change rates of antibiotic efflux.
Antibiotic
Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin used for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly P. aeruginosa. Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis, when the bacteria try to divide, causing cell death.
Antibiotic
Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Drug Class
Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Antibiotic
Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death.
Antibiotic
Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity.
Antibiotic
An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX).
|
|||||||||
| Strict | MexT | protein overexpression model | 3126437 - 3127351(-) | 0 | 99.63 % | ||||
|
Antibiotic
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
Drug Class
Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome.
Drug Class
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
Antibiotic
Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic.
Drug Class
Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Efflux Regulator
Protein(s) and two component regulatory systems that directly or indirectly change rates of antibiotic efflux.
|
|||||||||
| Strict | MexS | protein overexpression model | 3127572 - 3128591(+) | 0 | 100 % | ||||
|
Antibiotic
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
Drug Class
Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome.
Drug Class
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
Antibiotic
Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic.
Drug Class
Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Efflux Regulator
Protein(s) and two component regulatory systems that directly or indirectly change rates of antibiotic efflux.
|
|||||||||
| Strict | mexZ | protein overexpression model | 3830845 - 3831477(-) | 1.8336e-153 | 99.52 % | ||||
|
Drug Class
Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Antibiotic
Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Antibiotic
Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Antibiotic
A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci.
Antibiotic
Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Drug Class
Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms.
Antibiotic
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
Drug Class
Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Antibiotic
Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome.
Antibiotic
Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes.
Drug Class
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
Antibiotic
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Drug Class
Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
Drug Class
Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases.
Antibiotic
Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Efflux Regulator
Protein(s) and two component regulatory systems that directly or indirectly change rates of antibiotic efflux.
Antibiotic
Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant.
Antibiotic
Acriflavine is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish.
Drug Class
Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents.
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| Strict | Type B NfxB | protein overexpression model | 5801819 - 5802382(+) | 1.27011e-139 | 100 % | ||||
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Drug Class
Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Antibiotic
Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Drug Class
Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Drug Class
Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms.
Antibiotic
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
Drug Class
Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome.
Efflux Component
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
Resistance Mechanism
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Drug Class
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
Antibiotic
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Drug Class
Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins.
Antibiotic
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Drug Class
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
Antibiotic
Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic.
Drug Class
Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis.
AMR Gene Family
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Efflux Regulator
Protein(s) and two component regulatory systems that directly or indirectly change rates of antibiotic efflux.
Antibiotic
Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Drug Class
Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Antibiotic
Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant.
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